By the end of this section, you will be able to: Memory is an information processing system; therefore, we often compare it to a computer. a. the debate of sign language versus spoken language. Chapter 7 - Quiz Questions Flashcards | Quizlet d. males. then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. An algorithm is a software used to compute numbers. d. Down syndrome. Clinical psychologists When this happens, your brain automatically activates the firefighter schema and begins making assumptions that this person is brave, selfless, and community-oriented. c. all languages have the same pragmatics. C. practicing groupthink Evaluate solutions B. b. divergent thinking. Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory storage capacity is believed to be unlimited. ________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. A. It is generally accepted that memories are organized in semantic (or associative) networks (Collins & Loftus, 1975). d. trial and error, The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. b. objective. are licensed under a, Neo-Freudians: Adler, Erikson, Jung, and Horney. D. heuristic. Retrieval, or getting the information out of memory and back into awareness, is the third function. Think of it as the information you have displayed on your computer screen, such as a document, spreadsheet, or website. However, this would be very time-consuming and treatment needs to be implemented quickly. She has an amazing and highly superior autobiographical memory (Figure 8.7). Recalling the last time you studied for a test is another example of automatic processing. D. employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy. Problem solving/concepts Participants were given words along with questions about them. Both can be useful when problem-solving, but it is important to understand the differences between them. One barrier to innovative problem solving is persisting in using techniques that have been successful in the past, also known as: You may not be able to recall all of your classmates, but you recognize many of them based on their yearbook photos. _______ can help us interpret or deal with new information or events that we have never encountered. accident and has suffered brain damage that has severely limited mental functioning, The ability to analyze, judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast are characteristics of ________ intelligence. d. They will always result in a correct solution, if there is a correct solution to be found. B. Algorithms/artificial intelligence (AI) In simple words, a short term memory can be defined as memory structure in which the limited amount of processing takes place. D. Inductive reasoning, ________ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. Hillary meets her brother's friend Drake, who is a tall, lanky man. Now its back on your desktop, and you can work with it again. _____ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance. C. an adult who was born with Down syndrome and lives in a group home because of cognitive deficits People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. B. divergent thinking. c. the exact same process as D. Unlike heuristics, algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem. Explicit memory is divided into episodic memory and semantic memory. Children understand adult literary work usually between ages 6 and 8. Since then, Tulving and others have reformulated the theory, and currently scientists believe that episodic memory is memory about happenings in particular places at particular timesthe what, where, and when of an event (Tulving, 2002). b. analytical ________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. C. 50 In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, and finally Long-Term Memory. Importantly for memory, activating any part of a semantic network also activates the concepts linked to that part to a lesser degree. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. Youve watched it fall from the sky, youve seen lightly falling snow that barely covers the windshield of your car, and youve shoveled out 18 inches of fluffy white snow as youve thought, This is perfect for skiing. Youve thrown snowballs at your best friend and gone sledding down the steepest hill in town. B. 120. A. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. b. heuristic devices. In the context of loss aversion, identify the true statement about sunk-cost fallacy. What did you eat for lunch on April 10, 2009? This is known as effortful processing (Figure 8.3). People ascribe greater value to things they already own when compared with objects owned by someone else. Which of the following describes how algorithms are useful? This book uses the Which of the following options is true about algorithms D. all scores are below average. Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities. The use of artificial concepts to define an idea is crucial to communicating with others and engaging in complex thought. Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. a. convergent thinking. Which of the following are examples of algorithms? When you are solving problems for your math homework, you don't want to risk your grade on a guess. The human nervous system is capable of handling endless streams of information. Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become thoughts. Because it is a schema, it is extremely challenging for us to stop reaching for the phone, even though we know that we endanger our own lives and the lives of others while we do it (Neyfakh, 2013) (Figure 7.5). which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. They are also known as mechanical solutions. Craik and Lockhart (1972) proposed the levels of processing hypothesis that states the deeper you think about something, the better you remember it. Most likely your early experiences with dogs will shape what you imagine. 30 seconds. Memory is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time (Figure 8.2). d. "street smarts.". Confirmation bias Which of the following is a true statement about psychology? What do developmental psychologists seek to understand? are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written Event schemata like these are the reason why many habits are difficult to break once they have been acquired. d. IQ tests have socioeconomic biases. The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said are known as, According to Benjamin Whorf, language determines our, Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that. C. Working backward in establishing subgoals should be typically avoided. d. actual tasks involving memory. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. It is very brief storageup to a couple of seconds. (credit a: modification of work by Maarten Takens; credit b: modification of work by Shayan (USA)/Flickr), What event schema do you perform when riding in an elevator? b. representative heuristic b. studies showing that animals make instinctual sounds only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. b. the less successful that person will be in life. This information indicates the mode for converting data into useful information which is then used to solve the mathematical and/or computational problem. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychologysymbols in the convergence of the twain. Which of the following statements is true of short-term memory?Its First, the doors open and you wait to let exiting passengers leave the elevator car. A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). Mistakes may occur, but this approach allows for speedy decisions when time is of the essence. b. test anxiety. An Algorithm simply refers to the process or the set of rules which are vital in calculations. In order to organize this staggering amount of information, the mind has developed a "file cabinet" of sorts in the mind. It encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago. An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. When other information is integrated into other memories and can't be distinguished from the original memory. Once the information reaches long-term memory, it has to be consolidated at both the synaptic level, which takes a few hours, and into the memory system, which can take weeks or longer. Despite not knowing this person, already you have unknowingly made judgments about them. a. ADHD D. deductive reasoning. Really quickly, what is the first word that comes to mind when you hear peanut butter? Watch this video about superior autobiographical memory from the television news show 60 Minutes to learn more. There are situations where using an algorithm can be the best approach: The downside of using an algorithm to solve the problem is that this process tends to be very time-consuming. What word did you come up with? A. A. Heuristics take more time than algorithms. d. natural concept. Which of the following is true of long-term memory? It feels almost impossible to walk in and not face the door. Concepts can be complex and abstract, like justice, or more concrete, like types of birds. D. unreliable. : Which of the following is the correct definition of algorithms? Implicit memories are long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Read the following sentences (Bransford & McCarrell, 1974), then look away and count backwards from 30 by threes to zero, and then try to write down the sentences (no peeking back at this page!). During decay, the memory trace becomes less activated over time, and the information is forgotten. a. visual/spatial intelligence. One cannot really consider long-term memory without thinking about the way it is organized. Trace Swedens transition from socialism to capitalism. a. attention and spatial memory. This is an example of Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F) in Business. b. confirmation bias. Q. Concepts are informed by our semantic memory (you will learn more about semantic memory in a later chapter) and are present in every aspect of our lives; however, one of the easiest places to notice concepts is inside a classroom, where they are discussed explicitly. The terms short-term and working memory are sometimes used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same. the stage of memory in which it is stored. It involves recollection of visual imagery as well as the feeling of familiarity (Hassabis & Maguire, 2007). 30 seconds. Because event schemata are automatic, they can be difficult to change. Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics? An algorithm is a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. d. music notes on a keyboard. Malcom has an IQ of 140. Cooper's life. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology The voyage wasn't delayed because the bottle shattered. 10. Why is this? The Algorithm Problem Solving Approach in Psychology - Verywell Mind A. According to Sternberg's theory, ____________ intelligence is measured in academic achievement tests. D. drop out of college. The brain then processes this information and uses the relevant pieces to create thoughts, which can then be expressed through language or stored in memory for future use. c. language could help a child learn to control social behavior. A. deductive thinking. (credit: Gideon/Flickr). b. As such, he does not get involved in a. symbols on a keyboard and sign language. It also covers how psychologists compare this approach to other ways to solve problems. Identify a true statement about language milestones among children. For example, you might easily recall a fact, such as the capital of the United States, but you might struggle to recall the name of the restaurant at which you had dinner when you visited a nearby city last summer. Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems. a. B. D. decision making. Similarly, most people have a song that causes a specific emotional response. A. autistic. Recognition happens when you identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again. They love going into nature, spreading a blanket on the ground, and eating a delicious meal. Round answer to the nearest cent. c. actual tasks involving cognition. C. People disregard prior experiences or failures when making predictions about the possibility of an outcome. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . Find the percentage. These stages were first proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968). Round the results to three decimal places. TrueThe symmetric key algorithm is a class of cipher that uses identical or closely related keys for encryption and decryption. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory. The Algorithm Problem Solving Approach in Psychology. a. There are several types of implicit memories, including procedural, priming, and emotional conditioning. Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably. Artificial concepts can enhance the understanding of a topic by building on one another. [P3] P3 Abstracting 5.2.1A 5.2.1B 5.2.1C 6. Should you go to the bank, the cleaners, or the grocery store first? Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably d. "private speech" was a sign of a mood disorder. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. B. naturalist answer choices Confabulation Source amnesia Flashbulb memories Confusion Question 3 30 seconds Q. Read our, Overview of the Problem-Solving Mental Process, The Psychology of Decision-Making Strategies, How to Increase Your Mental Agility With Dr. Elaine Fox, The Formal Operational Stage of Cognitive Development, Learning Styles Based on Jung's Theory of Personality, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, An algorithm for determining use of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy, Fast or frugal, but not both: decision heuristics under time pressure, The method a search engine uses to find information on the internet, Instructions for how to assemble a bicycle, Instructions for how to solve a Rubik's cube. C. Heuristics are shortcut strategies. An event schema, also known as a cognitive script, is a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine. c. the fact that scientists have proven animals capable of sign language only. Note the longest string at which you got the series correct. In this case, Claudia is using a(n) According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence? If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. d. two, You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your school's Psychology Club. c. Algorithmscan replace the source code in programs. How is it possible that the brain is able to move from one thought to the next in an organized, orderly fashion? Which of the following essential body functions are monitored by the autonomic nervous system? A. generalized. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognition, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Explain the difference between natural and artificial concepts, Describe how schemata are organized and constructed. A. suggest obvious operations. How well did you do? a. morphemes. B. culturally biased. Understanding the difference between explicit memory and implicit memory is important because aging, particular types of brain trauma, and certain disorders can impact explicit and implicit memory in different ways. B. conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period. Algorithmsare described informally and can contain ambiguous steps.b. C. 75. d. IQ. 10 (p.254) . The goal of clustering a set of data is to. a. almost the opposite of B. Concepts prevent us from generalizing. Answer the following statement (s) true (T) or false (F) in Computer Science & Information Technology. However, more contemporary research has found working memory capacity is 4 plus or minus 1 (Cowan, 2010). d. pragmatics. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, D. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. Psychology is considered a science and comes from a foundation of chemistry because of its focus on research. C. used an algorithm to solve her packing problem. A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect. For example, while it is quite common for people to greet one another with a handshake in the United States, in Tibet, you greet someone by sticking your tongue out at them, and in Belize, you bump fists (Cairns Regional Council, n.d.). lack of nurture, abusive parents, and bad memory. A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). d. is the latest technology in teaching deaf people to talk. C. Selection bias Heuristics differ from algorithms in that heuristics An algorithm, whose characteristics will be discussed later, is a form that embeds the complete logic of the solution. b. use symbols; think Algorithms break complex tasks into steps that can be followed. Unlike heuristics, algorithms provide a definite solutions to problem. Usually, episodic memory is reported as a story. Episodic memories are also called autobiographical memories. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Texting while driving is dangerous, but it is a difficult event schema for some people to resist. Choose all that apply. Concepts are, in many ways, big ideas that are generated by observing details, and categorizing and combining these details into cognitive structures. We recommend using a a. _______ believed that concepts become the "pegs" from which words are "hung." For example, if you are studying for your chemistry exam, the material you are learning will be part of your explicit memory. Q. c. confirmation bias. 70 or below D. 100. The reason people are more likely to come up with plate after reading about a picnic is that plate is associated (linked) with picnic. Psy. Ch 7 Flashcards | Quizlet a. script. Rating: 2 (1173 Rating) Highest rating: 5. As long as the professor was dressed appropriately, it does not really matter what she was wearing. Choosing which apartment is best is an example of Choose all that apply. However, Keppel and Underwood (1962) examined only the first trials of the trigram task and found that proactive interference also affected short-term memory retention. Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their By following the instructions correctly, you are guaranteed to arrive at the right answer. c. mental set. They are devised while developing problem-solving strategies. Short-term memory takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory. is the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory comes out of storage. Which of the following statements is true of heritability? What rules of thumb (if any) are you using? Episodic memory is information about events we have personally experienced (i.e., an episode). B. inner motivation B. gifted. c. consciousness. Returning to the computer metaphor, implicit memories are like a program running in the background, and you are not aware of their influence. d. You must create an algorithmfor a problem before you can create a program to solve the problem. B. category. Which of the following statements is true of subgoals? A heuristic is a simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. Thus, algorithmic problem solving actually comes in two phases: derivation of an algorithm that solves the problem, and conversion of the algorithm into code. B. C. an introvert. This is an example of a(n) The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, According to Goldstone and Kersten (2003), concepts act as building blocks and can be connected in countless combinations to create complex thoughts. a. divide them into groups of data that are near each other. _____ is the tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearances or the match between a person and one's stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.