113. Many disorders have genetic roots, are a result of hormonal imbalances, or caused by viral infections such as strep. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. c. limitations of a focus on ethnicity. Biological Treatments for Psychological Abnormalities Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. For instance, Parkinsons disease is a brain disorder that results in a gradual loss of muscle control and arises when cells in the substantia nigra, a long nucleus considered to be part of the basal ganglia, stop making dopamine. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. 2.3.4.1. d. existential, 125. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Some are naturally occurring, while others need to be learned. b. exposure therapy. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. d. brain circuits. 68. 56. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. This situation places considerable stress on an individual and can lead to higher rates of anxiety disorders and depression. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. The person may think the schedule has simply changed. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? 43. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. d. projection. b. humanistic-existential. a. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! They are sexual in nature. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. Why is the psychodynamic model difficult to research? However, men are more likely to die by suicide than women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. d. the way in which the mental health profession is moving. c. social networks. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. For example, desensitization (Wolpe, 1997) teaches clients to respond calmly to fear-producing stimuli. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. 117. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? Dogs do not enter the world knowing to respond to the ringing of a bell (which it hears). First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. How so? Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. b. existential. In Panel A, food makes a dog salivate. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. 115. 90. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Criticisms. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 It is difficult to research this perspective. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Observational learning. a. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. 45. Clarify how environmental factors affect mental illness. This approach came to be called client-centered therapy. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. a. psychodynamic What is that factor? In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. What form do these consequences take? a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. The final section is a a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. d. unconscious feelings of loss. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: a. intellectualization. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. b. early childhood trauma. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. b. psychoanalysis. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. The structure of personality. 143. b. humanistic. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. This is called observational learning and is contrasted with enactive learning, which is learning by doing. Which theory is based on the idea that people constantly evaluate and give meaning to their lives through their actions? Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. 41. c. psychodynamic. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. 71. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. 2.3.4.2. a. This is a physical aspect of what disease? 153. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. a. existential b. prevention. a. 70. We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. What is it? In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. Maladaptive cognitions. Evaluate the usefulness of the cognitive model. Possible side effects include weight gain, sleepiness, nausea and vomiting, panic attacks, or thoughts about suicide or dying. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. If a person is used to receiving reinforcement every time they perform a particular behavior, and then suddenly no reinforcer is delivered, he or she will cease the response immediately. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. b. self-actualizing. c. client-centered Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. The body has two coordinating and integrating systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system. c. ego. Overgeneralizing You see a larger pattern of negatives based on one event. In terms of distinctive structures, these focus on the ability of a neuron to send and receive information. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Describe how communication in the nervous system occurs. This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. Shonda responds by changing the subject. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the: a. defense mechanism. d. are considered to be fueled by the libido. 35. c. Beck. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet a. humanistic therapy. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Describe the structure of the neuron and all key parts. 50. The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. In terms of the latter, some symbols are linked to the person specifically, while others are common to all people. 131. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. See Figure 2.4 below. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: a. existential. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. d. damage control. c. psychodynamic b. rationalization. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology.